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The 1R Grammar Page
These are a few of the grammar items, in brief, that we have covered this term.
Too Statements (by Belo)
1)Subject+verb+too+adjective/adverb+for+object+to+verb.
Example:The tree is too high for me to climb up.
2)Subject+verb+too+adjective/adverb+to+verb+object.
Example:Susan is too lazy to do her homework.
{TOP}
Enough Statements (by Belo)
3)Subject+verb+adjective/adverb+enough+for+object+to+verb(+object).
Example:Tom is clever enough for him to do the homework.
4)Subject+verb+adjective/adverb+enough+to+verb+object.
Example:Chan is strong enough to pull the bus.
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Relative Pronouns and Clauses (by Belo, Francesco and Brenda)
a)Used on people.(Who/that)
He is Dexter. Dexter listens to the teacher.
=>He is Dexter who listens to the teacher.
b)Used on things.(Which/that)
It is a dog. The dog is very cute.
=>It is a dog which is very cute.
More examples
1. subject pronouns
=>used when the person or thing is the subject of the sentence or clause
Examples- he/she/it
2. objective pronouns
=>used when the person or thing is the object of the sentence or clause
Examples- her/me/us
3. reflexive pronouns
=>used when a person or thing acts on itself.
Examples- himself/herself
Another explanation
Words like who, that are often referred to as relative pronouns when they are used to introduce relative clauses.
- who for people, which for things, and that for both people and things.
- whom as the object of a relative clause (in more formal English), though it is increasingly common to replace it with who.
- whose to indicate possession, as a determiner before nouns.
Example:
1)What’s the name of the person who/that first landed on the moon?
2)This is Dr. Perkins, whom we met at a conference in Canada last year.
3)All students whose registration numbers begin with 374 should immediately go to the library for a tour.
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Passive Voice (by Mr. Woo)
Write the following sentences; and then rewrite them using the active voice.
1) Teenagers have been warned they risk consuming too much mercury if they eat a lot of fish.
2) Pregnant women or those hoping to conceive have been warned to avoid certain fish species altogether.
3) 89 local and imported varieties were tested, including some in cans.
4) Only three samples of one of the species tested were found to have mercury levels exceeding legal limits.
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Contrasting Ideas (by Francesco)
There are a number of formulas used when contrasting ideas in Engish.
1. but
Formula- main statement, but contrasting ideas
Examples- I'd really like to come to the film, but I have to study tonight.
Explanation- Use a comma or semi colon with 'but'. It is the most common way to show contrasting ideas.
2. in spite of
Formula- main statement, in spite of contrasting ideas OR In spite of contrasting ideas, main statement
Examples- They continued on their journey, in spite of the pouring rain.
Explanation- Use 'in spite of' plus a noun, noun phrase or gerund.
3. despite
Formula- main statement, despite contrasting ideas OR Despite contrasting ideas, main statement
Examples- They continued on their journey, despite the pouring rain.
Explanation- Use 'despite' plus a noun, noun phrase or gerund.
4. However
Formula- main statement, however, contrasting ideas
Examples- She is a very intelligent girl, however, her tendency to not pay attention in class causes her problems.
Explanation- Use 'however' preceded and followed by a comma. You can use it at the beginning or the middle of a sentence.
5. Although
Formula- main statement, although contrasting ideas OR Although contrasting ideas, statement
Examples- Although we knew that fast cars can be dangerous, we wanted to buy a sports car.
Explanation-Use 'although' with a subject or a verb.
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Tenses (by Francesco)
(inf. = infinitiive)
1. Present Tense
=>mainly to express habit or ability
Formula- I/they/our= inf. he/she/it = inf.+s OR es
Examples- eats, does
2. Present Continous Tense
=>express the actions right now
Formula- is/am/are+inf.+ing
Examples-is eating, am sleeping, are watching
3. Past Tense
=>express the actions in the past
Formula- (Regular- inf.+ed) (Irregular- don't have formula)
Examples- (Regular)- talked, worked; (Irregular)- ate, drank
4. Future Tense
=>express the actions that will do in the future
Formula- will+inf.
Examples- will do, will be
5. Present Perfect Tense
=> express the actions that has been compeletedwith respect to the present
Formula- has/have+ Past Participle
Examples- has taken, has eaten
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Using There is / There are (by Francesco)
There is
Use there is when the following noun is singular or uncountable.
Examples- There is a fly on my nose.
There is milk in the fridge.
To learn more about milk, visit dairy
There are
Use there are when the following noun is plural.
Example- There are sharks in the sea.
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Contextual clues (By Brenda)
1.Synonyms
2.Antonyms
3.Defiinition
4.Example
5.from the surrounding sentences
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Preposition of time (By Brenda)
At/on/in --- To show DEFINITE time in the past (Use of past tense)
At -- at 3 o'clock (time of a day), at the age of 17 ( age)
On-- on Monday ( a day of a week), on 3rd October 2007 (a date)
In-- the year of 2007 (a year)
By ----------- To show INDEFINITE time in the past ( Use of past perfect tense)
By-- by the age of 5, by 1900, by that time
Since/For/During/Within/Bewteen...and/From...to/Until/After/Before--To show a period of time in the past (use of past perfect tense)
Examples: Since 9 o'clock. Since Monday,last week/month/year. For 3 hours/weeks/months/years.
During the year/the period. Within ten years' time. Bewteen 1902 and 1909. From 1902 to 1909.
He lived in ......until he died. After 3 years. A year before he married.
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Procedual ordering (By Brenda)
Procedual ordering = showing steps one by one
There are three ways of showing the order of the step:
(1) The order of sentences follows the order of the steps;
(2) The steps are numbered to show their order.
(3) Use sequence words (e.g. First,then,finally)
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Definiton(By Rainbow)
It is using a few patterns to formulate definitions of object by their functions or uses.
the term+defining verb+a class word+the specific characteristics
Example:1) Hammer is a tool for hitting nails.
2) Hammer is a tool to hit nails.
3) Hammer is a tool that hits nails.
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What is Classfifying? (By Dexter)
Classifying is a way to divide large group into smaller groups.
The members of each group should be similar in some ways.
But eash smaller/specific group must be different from others.
Examples:
| Things to be classified: |
Science apparatus
|
| Method of classification: |
1. materials they are made of |
2. uses |
| Names of groups with examples: |
a. Glass(e.g. test-tube, beaker, flask)
b. Metal
c. Wood
|
a. for measuring
b. for containing liquids/ small solids
c. for holding
|
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Reading Skills
Differences between Topic sentence and Topic paragraph (by Francesco)
The topic sentence is a primarily prescriptive grammatical term to describe what is usually, but not always, the first sentence in a paragraph. The topic sentence acts as a kind of summary and offers the reader an insightful view of the writer’s main ideas for the following paragraph.
We can always find the topic sentence at the first or the end of a paragraph. But sometimes, it can be find in the whole paragraph. It is called "topic paragraph".
Example of topic paragraph:
From: Technical Report Writing Today by Riordan and Pauley
Chapter Title: "Collecting Published Information"
Section Title: "Record Your Findings"
- As you proceed with your search strategy, record your findings. Construct a bibliography, take notes, consider using visual aids, and decide whether to quote or paraphrase important information.
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Read a classification essay for main ideas (By Dexter)
The 1st paragraph is usually an introductory paragraph that
- provides backgroung information,
- give the reader a general idea of what they will read in the following paragraphs.
The final paragraph is usually the conclusion which
- restates / summarizes the main points of the essays.
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Writing Skills
Plot Diagram (By Brenda)
1. Exposition - Write what happens first for the exposition.
2. Rising Acyion - Then, write the ideas that lead up to the main problem, or conflict, for the rising action.
3. Climax - Write what happens when the problem or conflict reaches a high point for the climax.
4. Falling Action - Write how the problem is sloved for the falling action.
5. Resolution - Write how things end up for the resolution.
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Point of view (By Dexter)
There are two types of narrations:
- First person
- Third person
| |
First person narration |
Third person narration |
| Advantage |
- can explore the inner thoughts of the character |
- can cover every aspects including judgements, comments to other characters and background to the story |
| Limitaion |
- know only what is in his point of view |
- no in-depth thoughts of a particular character |
You can also choose both narrations in your story, the book below is an example:
Title of the book: Treasure Island
Author: Robert Louis Stevenson
Publisher: The Commercial Press
Price: HKD$65
ISBN: 9620716574
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How often do you...? (By Natalie)
There are 6 words we use to answer this question.
1. If someone ask you 'How often does Natalie go to school on time?'
You have to answer 'She always goes to school on time.'
Because I come back to school at 7:30 a.m. everyday.
2. If someone ask you 'How often does Natalie buy potato chips to eat?'
You have to answer 'She usually buys potato chips to eat.'
Because I buy potato chips four times a week.
3. If someone ask you ' How often does Nevin borrow Natalie's rubber?'
You have to answer ' He often borrows Natalie's rubber.'
Because his rubber doesn't like him and sometimes hide in his th deepest of Nevin's school bag.
4. If someone ask you ' How often does Belo get full mark in his Math. quiz?'
You have to answer ' He sometimes gets full mark in his Math. quiz.'
Because we have bouns in our Math. quiz and Belo always answers them correctly. So he always gets over full mark.
5. If someone ask you ' How often does Natalie go to the laboratory?'
You have to answer ' She seldon goes to the laboratory.'
Because I go to the laboratory once a week.
6. If someone ask you ' How often does Natalie go to the boys' toilet?'
You have to answer ' She never go to the boys' toilet.'
Because I am a girl.
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